SUBROUTINE INSTRU C ****************************************************************** C C OR FFE3 DATA INPUT C C 1) TITLE CARD C COLS C 1-72 TITLE, ANY 72 HOLLERITH CHARACTERS C C 2) CONTROL CARD C COLS C 1- 3 INCD, (0) INPUT OF PARAMETERS, ETC., FROM XFLS TAPE. C (1) ALL INPUT FROM CARDS. C C 4- 6 IPM, (1) VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX READ FROM OR XFLS3 C TAPE. (USE ONLY IF INCD=0) C (0) NO PARAMETER ERRORS USED. C (-1) STANDARD ERRORS (WITHOUT COVARIANCES) READ C FROM CARDS. (USE ONLY IF INCD=1) C C 7- 9 IAM, CELL PARAMETER ERRORS ARE C (0) NOT TO BE USED C (1) TO BE READ IN THE FORM OF STANDARD ERRORS C (2) TO BE READ IN THE FORM OF A VARIANCE- C COVARIANCE MATRIX C C 10-12 NS, THE NUMBER OF SYMMETRY CARDS TO BE READ. NS MAY TAKE C ON VALUES FROM 1 TO 48. C C 13-15 NA, THE NUMBER OF ATOMS WHOSE PARAMETERS ARE TO BE READ. C IRRELEVANT IF INCD=0 C C 16-18 ITF, THE TEMPERATURE FACTOR INDICATOR. C IRRELEVANT IF INCD=0 C (0) POSITION PARAMETERS ONLY WILL BE READ. C (1) POSITION AND ISOTROPIC THERMAL PARAMETERS WILL C BE READ. C (2) POSITION AND ANISOTROPIC THERMAL PARAMETERS C WILL BE READ. C IF ITC(I) IS NON-ZERO FOR AN INDIVIDUAL ATOM C (SEE BELOW), IT OVERRIDES ITF. C C 3) ATOM PARAMETERS. OMIT IF INCD=0. OTHERWISE 1, 2, OR 4 CARDS C ARE INCLUDED FOR EACH OF NA ATOMS. CARDS FROM XFLS MAY BE USED C COLS C 1- 6 ANY 6 HOLLERITH CHARACTERS IDENTIFYING ATOM I. C C 7-27 WILL BE IGNORED C C 28-36 THE COORDINATE X(I) FOR ATOM I C 37-45 THE COORDINATE Y(I) FOR ATOM I C 46-54 THE COORDINATE Z(I) FOR ATOM I C C SECOND CARD. TEMPERATURE FACTORS. OMIT IF ITF=0. 03/12/ C COLS C 1- 9 BETA(1,1) OR B FOR ANISOTROPIC OR ISOTROPIC TEMP FACTOR C 10-18 BETA(2,2) (OR IRRELEVANT IF ISOTROPIC) C 19-27 BETA(3,3) C 28-36 BETA(1,2) C 37-45 BETA(1,3) C 46-54 BETA(2,3) C C 55-63 IRRELEVANT C C 64-66 ITC(I), TEMPERATURE FACTOR INDICATOR FOR ATOM I C (0) TEMPERATURE FACTOR AS SPECIFIED BY ITF C (1) ISOTROPIC TEMPERATURE FACTOR FOR THIS ATOM C (2) ANISOTROPIC TEMPERATURE FACTOR FOR THIS ATOM C 67-69 IGM(I), GAMMA TENSOR INDICATOR C (0) NO GAMMA TENSOR FOR THIS ATOM C (1) GAMMA TENSOR FOLLOWS C C THIRD AND FOURTH CARDS. GAMMA TENSOR. OMIT IF IGM(I)=0 C OR ITF=0. FORMAT(5F14.10) C C 4) STANDARD ERRORS OF ATOM PARAMETERS. OMIT IF INCD=0 OR IPM=0. C OTHERWISE THE CARDS INCLUDED ARE ANALOGOUS TO THE ATOM C PARAMETER CARDS. C FIRST CARD C COLS C 1-27 IRRELEVANT C 28-36 STANDARD ERROR OF X(I) C 37-45 STANDARD ERROR OF Y(I) C 46-54 STANDARD ERROR OF Z(I) C C SECOND CARD. OMIT IF ITF=0 C COLS C 1- 9 STANDARD ERROR OF B OR BETA(1,1) C 10-18 STANDARD ERROR OF BETA(2,2) C 19-27 STANDARD ERROR OF BETA(3,3) C 28-36 STANDARD ERROR OF BETA(1,2) C 37-45 STANDARD ERROR OF BETA(1,3) C 46-54 STANDARD ERROR OF BETA(2,3) C C THIRD AND FOURTH CARDS. OMIT IF IGM(I)=0 OR ITF=0. C STANDARD ERRORS OF GAMMA TENSOR. FORMAT(5F14.10) C C 5) LATTICE PARAMETERS. C COLS C 1- 9 A, ANGSTROM UNITS C 10-18 B 03/12/ C 19-27 C C 28-36 COS(ALPHA) C 37-45 COS(BETA) C 46-54 COS(GAMMA) C C 6) STANDARD ERRORS OF LATTICE PARAMETERS. INCLUDE IF IAM=1 C COLS C 1- 9 STANDARD ERROR OF A C 10-18 STANDARD ERROR OF B C 19-27 STANDARD ERROR OF C C 28-36 STANDARD ERROR OF COS(ALPHA) C 37-45 STANDARD ERROR OF COS(BETA) C 46-54 STANDARD ERROR OF COS(GAMMA) C C 7) VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX FOR LATTICE PARAMETERS. USE IF IAM=2 C FIRST CARD C COLS C 1- 9 VARIANCE OF A C 10-18 COVARIANCE OF A AND B C 19-27 COVARIANCE OF A AND C C 28-36 COVARIANCE OF A AND COS(ALPHA) C 37-45 COVARIANCE OF A AND COS(BETA) C 46-54 COVARIANCE OF A AND COS(GAMMA) C 55-63 VARIANCE OF B C 64-72 COVARIANCE OF B AND C C C SECOND CARD C 1- 9 COVARIANCE OF B AND COS(ALPHA) C 10-18 COVARIANCE OF B AND COS(BETA) C 19-27 COVARIANCE OF B AND COS(GAMMA) C 28-36 VARIANCE OF C C 37-45 COVARIANCE OF C AND COS(ALPHA) C 46-54 COVARIANCE OF C AND COS(BETA) C 55-63 COVARIANCE OF C AND COS(GAMMA) C 64-72 VARIANCE OF COS(ALPHA) C C THIRD CARD C 1- 9 COVARIANCE OF COS(ALPHA) AND COS(BETA) C 10-18 COVARIANCE OF COS(ALPHA) AND COS(GAMMA) C 19-27 VARIANCE OF COS(BETA) C 28-36 COVARIANCE OF COS(BETA) AND COS(GAMMA) C 37-45 VARIANCE OF COS(GAMMA) C C 8) SYMMETRY INFORMATION. NS CARDS EACH OF WHICH DESCRIBES ONE C SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATION. IF ALL DISTANCES ARE TO BE COMPUTED C READ IN ALL EQUIVALENT POSITIONS INCLUDING THE BASIC POSITION C X,Y,Z AND THOSE RELATED CENTROSYMMETRICALLY OR BY CENTERING. 03/12/ C C THE TRANSFORMED COORDINATES ARE IN THE FORM C X(NEW)=T(X)+M(XX)*X+M(XY)*Y+M(XZ)*Z C Y(NEW)=T(Y)+M(YX)*X+M(YY)*Y+M(YZ)*Z C Z(NEW)=T(Z)+M(ZX)*X+M(ZY)*Y+M(ZZ)*Z C C FORMAT(3(F15.10,3F3.0)) C C COLS C 1-15 T(X) C 16-18 M(XX) C 19-21 M(XY) C 22-24 M(XZ) C 25-39 T(Y) C 40-42 M(YX) C 43-45 M(YY) C 46-48 M(YZ) C 49-63 T(Z) C 64-66 M(ZX) C 67-69 M(ZY) C 70-72 M(ZZ) C C 9) INSTRUCTION CARDS AS DESCRIBED BELOW. INCLUDE AS MANY AS C NEEDED TO DEFINE THE QUANTITIES TO BE COMPUTED. C C 10) TERMINATION CARD C COLS C 1- 5 (0) TERMINATE JOB C (-1) START NEW JOB READING NEW TITLE CARD, ETC. C C ****************************************************************** C C INSTRUCTION INPUT C C EACH FUNCTION TO BE COMPUTED IS SPECIFIED BY A SEQUENCE OF C INTEGERS, IN, WHICH ARE READ FROM ONE OR MORE INSTRUCTION C CARDS. THE FIRST INTEGER IN THIS SEQUENCE, IN(1), DEFINES THE C TYPE OF FUNCTION TO BE COMPUTED, AND THE INTERPRETATION OF C THE REMAINING INSTRUCTION INTEGERS WILL BE DIFFERENT FOR C DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS. DETAILS OF THE INSTRUCTION C INTEGERS FOR EACH TYPE OF FUNCTION ARE GIVEN BELOW. C C EACH INSTRUCTION CARD IS READ WITH FORMAT(14I5). OF THE 14 C INTEGERS ON THIS CARD ONLY THE FIRST 13 ARE CONSIDERED TO BE C PART OF THE INSTRUCTION. IF A FUNCTION REQUIRES MORE THAN 13 03/12/ C INTEGERS TO DEFINE IT THEN PUNCHING A ONE IN COLUMN 70 INDICATES C THAT THE INSTRUCTION IS CONTINUED ON THE NEXT CARD. C C ATOM DESCRIPTION C C IN THE INSTRUCTIONS DESCRIBED BELOW EACH ATOM I IS DESIGNATED C BY TWO INTEGERS, AI AND SI, DEFINED AS FOLLOWS- C C AI IS THE NUMBER OF THE ATOM IN THE PARAMETER LIST. THE UNIT C CELL ORIGIN MAY BE DESIGNATED BY SETTING AI AT ZERO. C C SI IS A FIVE-DIGIT NUMBER, THE TWO LOW-ORDER DIGITS OF WHICH C SPECIFY THE NUMBER OF THE SYMMETRY OPERATION (THE NUMBER OF C THE SYMMETRY CARD) TO BE APPLIED. ZERO MAY BE USED TO REFER TO C THE REFERENCE ASYMMETRIC UNIT TRANSFORMATION X, Y, Z EVEN C THOUGH THIS IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION SHOULD BE PRESENT SOMEWHERE C IN THE SYMMETRY CARDS. C C THE THREE HIGH-ORDER DIGITS OF SI SPECIFY UNIT CELL TRANSLATIONS C ALONG A, B, AND C, RESPECTIVELY, WITH 5 ADDED TO EACH DIGIT. C THUS 655 IMPLIES A TRANSLATION OF ONE UNIT CELL IN THE X C DIRECTION. AN EXCEPTION IS THAT THE REFERENCE CELL MAY BE C REFERRED TO AS 000 AS WELL AS 555. C C NOTE THAT AN ATOM IN THE BASIC ASYMMETRIC UNIT MAY BE C SPECIFIED BY LEAVING SI BLANK. C C C INSTRUCTION CARDS C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 1) DISTANCE BETWEEN ATOMS 1 AND 2 C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 C 1 A1 S1 A2 S2 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 101) ALL DISTANCES LESS THAN MAX/100 BETWEEN ORIGIN ATOMS WITH C NUMBERS A1 TO A2 AND TARGET ATOMS WITH NUMBERS A3 TO A4 C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 C 101 A1 A2 A3 A4 MAX C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 201) SAME AS 101 BUT ALSO COMPUTES ANGLES WITH ORIGIN ATOMS AS C VERTICES. IF MAX IS LARGE THEN THE NUMBER OF ANGLES WILL C ALSO BE LARGE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 C 201 A1 A2 A3 A4 MAX C ------------------------------------------------------------------ 03/12/ C 2) ANGLE DEFINED BY THREE ATOMS. ATOM 2 IS VERTEX. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 C 2 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 3) ANGLE BETWEEN NORMALS TO PLANES DEFINED BY ATOMS 1, 2, AND 3, C AND ATOMS 4, 5, AND 6, RESPECTIVELY. IF RIGHT-HAND FINGERS MODE IS 9 TRACK 1600 BPI RING=OUT BLOCK 118 DATA 1600 C ARE CURVED SO THAT THEY CAN PASS SUCCESSIVELY C THROUGH ATOMS 1, 2, AND 3 THEN THUMB IS IN DIRECTION OF NORMAL. C SIGN OF ANGLE WILL BE POSITIVE IF THIS NORMAL MAKES AN ACUTE C ANGLE WITH VECTOR FROM ATOM 4 TO ATOM 6. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 3 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 A6 S6 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 4) DISTANCE BETWEEN ATOMS 1 AND 2 LESS THAT BETWEEN ATOMS 3 AND 4. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C 4 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 5) ANGLE DEFINED BY ATOMS 1, 2, AND 3 LESS THAT DEFINED BY ATOMS C 4, 5, AND 6. ATOMS 2 AND 5 ARE VERTICES. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 5 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 A6 S6 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 6) SUM OF N ANGLES EACH DEFINED BY THREE ATOMS. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 C 6 N A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 A6 1 C S6 A7 S7 A8 S8 A9 S9 ETC. C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 7) RMS COMPONENT OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C PRINCIPAL AXIS R. R=1, 2, OR 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 C 7 A1 S1 R C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 107) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C THREE PRINCIPAL AXES. C C COL 5 10 15 20 C 107 A1 S1 - C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 207) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ALL NA ATOMS, EACH C ALONG ITS THREE PRINCIPAL AXES. C 03/12/ C COL 5 10 15 20 C 207 NA S1 - C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 8) ANGLE BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AXIS R OF ATOM 1 AND A VECTOR FROM C ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 8 A1 S1 R A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 108) ANGLE BETWEEN EACH OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL AXES OF ATOM 1 C AND A VECTOR FROM ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 108 A1 S1 - A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 208) ANGLE BETWEEN EACH OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL AXES OF ALL NA ATOMS C AND A VECTOR FROM ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 208 NA S1 - A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 9) RMS COMPONENT OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C PRINCIPAL AXIS R, PROJECTED ON A VECTOR FROM ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 9 A1 S1 R A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 109) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C THREE PRINCIPAL AXES, EACH PROJECTED ON A VECTOR FROM ATOM 2 C TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 109 A1 S1 - A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 209) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ALL NA ATOMS, EACH C ALONG ITS THREE PRINCIPAL AXES, AND EACH PROJECTED ON A VECTOR C FROM ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C 209 NA S1 - A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 10) ANGLE BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AXIS R OF ATOM 1 AND AXIS I OF A C CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINED BY ATOMS 2, 3, 4, AND 5. C AXIS 1 IS DIRECTED FROM ATOM 2 TO ATOM 3. AXIS 2 IS DIRECTED C ALONG THE CROSS PRODUCT OF AXIS 1 WITH THE VECTOR FROM ATOM 4 03/12/ C TO ATOM 5. AXIS 3 IS THE CROSS PRODUCT OF AXIS 1 WITH AXIS 2. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 10 A1 S1 R I A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 110) ANGLE BETWEEN EACH OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL AXES R OF ATOM 1 AND C EACH OF THREE AXES I OF A CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINED C BY ATOMS 2, 3, 4, AND 5 AS DESCRIBED FOR (10) ABOVE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 110 A1 S1 - - A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 210) ANGLE BETWEEN EACH OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL AXES R OF ALL NA C ATOMS AND EACH OF THREE AXES I OF A CARTESIAN COORDINATE C SYSTEM DEFINED BY ATOMS 2, 3, 4, AND 5 AS DESCRIBED FOR C (10) ABOVE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 210 NA S1 - - A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 11) RMS COMPONENT OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C PRINCIPAL AXIS R, PROJECTED ON AXIS I OF A CARTESIAN C COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINED BY ATOMS 2, 3, 4, AND 5 AS C DESCRIBED FOR (10) ABOVE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 11 A1 S1 R I A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 111) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 ALONG ITS C THREE PRINCIPAL AXES R, EACH PROJECTED ON EACH OF THREE AXES I C OF A CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINED BY ATOMS 2, 3, 4, C AND 5 AS DESCRIBED FOR (10) ABOVE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 111 A1 S1 - - A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 211) RMS COMPONENTS OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ALL NA ATOMS, EACH C ALONG ITS THREE PRINCIPAL AXES R, AND EACH PROJECTED ON THE C AXES I OF A CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM DEFINED BY ATOMS C 2, 3, 4, AND 5 AS DESCRIBED FOR (10) ABOVE. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 C 211 NA S1 - - A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 A5 S5 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 12) RMS COMPONENT OF THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1 IN A DIRECTION C DEFINED BY ATOMS 2 AND 3. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 03/12/ C 12 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 13) RMS RADIAL THERMAL DISPLACEMENT OF ATOM 1. C C COL 5 10 15 C 13 A1 S1 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 14) INTERATOMIC DISTANCE AVERAGED OVER THERMAL MOTION. ATOM 2 IS C ASSUMED TO RIDE ON ATOM 1. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 C 14 A1 S1 A2 S2 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 15) INTERATOMIC DISTANCE AVERAGED OVER THERMAL MOTION. ATOMS 1 C AND 2 ARE ASSUMED TO MOVE INDEPENDENTLY. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 C 15 A1 S1 A2 S2 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 16) DISTANCE OF ATOM 1 FROM THE PLANE DEFINED BY ATOMS 2, 3, AND 4. C IF RIGHT-HAND FINGERS ARE CURVED SO THAT THEY CAN PASS C SUCCESSIVELY THROUGH ATOMS 2, 3, AND 4 THEN C THE THUMB POINTS IN A POSITIVE DIRECTION. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C 16 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 17) CONFORMATION OR TORSION ANGLE OF A CHAIN OF ATOMS 1, 2, 3 C AND 4. SIGN IS POSITIVE IF WHEN LOOKING FROM 2 TO 3 A CLOCKWISE C MOTION OF ATOM 1 WOULD SUPERIMPOSE IT ON ATOM 4. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C 17 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 18) ANGLE BETWEEN VECTOR FROM ATOM 1 TO ATOM 2 AND THAT FROM C ATOM 3 TO ATOM 4. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C 18 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 C C ******************************************************************* C C FUNCTIONS ADDED TO SPARE BY W. BERNHARD C C C ------------------------------------------------------------------ C 20) ANGLES BETWEEN A VECTOR FROM A1 TO A2 AND THREE AXES DEFINED BY 03/12/ C THE FIRST FOUR NA ATOMS NA1, NA2, NA3, NA4. THE AXES ARE: C NA1-NA2, NA1-NA3, NA1-NA4. C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 C 20 A1 S1 A2 S2 C C ___________________________________________________________________ C 21) USING THE AXES AS DEFINED IN 20 THE ORIENTATION OF THE FOLLOWING C THREE ORTHOGONAL VECTORS ARE FOUND. C V3= NORMAL TO THE PLANE OF ATOMS A1, A2, A3 C V4= BISECTOR OF THE ANGLE A1-A2-A3 WHICH LIES IN THE ANGLES PLANE C V5= NORMAL TO THE ABOVE TWO VECTORS C C THE BISECTOR (V4) IS FOUND BY SOLVING SIMULTANIOUSLY C V1.AA.V4 = V2.AA.V4 C V3.AA.V4 = 0.0 C WHERE C V1 = A2 TO A1 C V2 = A2 TO A3 C V3 = V1XV2 C AA IS A 3X3 MATRIX DETERMINED BY THE UNIT CELL AXES C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 C 21 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 C C ___________________________________________________________________ C C 22) TORSION ANGLE BETWEEN THE NORMAL TO THE PLANE OF ATOMS 1,2, AND C 3 AND THE VECTOR FROM ATOM 3 TO ATOM 4 C C COL 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 C 22 A1 S1 A2 S2 A3 S3 A4 S4 C C *******************************************************************