From owner-chemistry |-at-| ccl.net Thu Apr 6 11:17:01 2017 From: "Eric Hermes erichermes**gmail.com" To: CCL Subject: CCL:G: Thermodynamic Data & Solvation - Calculation Questions: Message-Id: <-52728-170406110822-21517-wIt+MJArtDZOy/rZCx+OLA a server.ccl.net> X-Original-From: Eric Hermes Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Date: Thu, 06 Apr 2017 10:08:11 -0500 Mime-Version: 1.0 Sent to CCL by: Eric Hermes [erichermes!^!gmail.com] Dr. Mielczarek, As always, the free energy of a species is defined with respect to some choice of reference state, such that for a reaction of the form: (1) A + B -> C with a standard state free energy of reaction ΔG°, one can write the equilibrium constant as: (2) Keq = exp[-ΔG°/(kB T)] = a_C / (a_A a_C) Where a is the *activity* of a species. In the case of an ideal gas, the activity is simply the density divided by the *standard state* density: (3) a = ρ/ρ° The numerical value of Keq then depends on choice of reference state, but the equilibrium densities do not. Eq. 2 satisfies this requirement. One can show that the free energy of a species at an *arbitrary* reference state is given by: (4) G = G° + kB T ln[ρ/ρ°] This is *general*, but you can show that for an ideal gas the expression derives from the translational entropy. Now, when we are discussing free energy of solvation, the reaction becomes: (5) A_g -> A_soln Which of course brings with it changes to both the enthalpy and the entropy. These issues are *orthogonal* to the reference state issue, though. The standard state for species in the gas phase is usually taken to be 1 bar (occasionally 1 atm is chosen instead), but the standard state for species in *solution* is typically chosen to be 1 M, which is very different! With these choices of reference state, the free energy of solvation ΔG°solv can be used to calculate the equilibrium constant like this (using P for pressure to visually distinguish from the density ρ): (6) Keq = exp[-ΔG°solv/(kB T)] = (ρ_A/(1 M)) / (P_A / (1 bar)) As before, the numerical value of Keq depends on the choice of reference state, but the equilibrium density and pressure do not. So, if your goal is to determine the equilibrium properties of a solvation process, then you do not need to be concerned about the choice of reference state -- you need to be *aware* of it in order to calculate the properties directly, but whichever choice you make you will get the same answer. On the other hand, if you wish to compare your free energies of solvation to experimental values, you should most definitely ensure that the value you are calculating uses a reference state of 1 M for solution-phase species and 1 bar for gas-phase species. In the case of SMD, by default it will use the *same* reference state for the gas-phase and solution-phase species. The actual value of the reference state is irrelevant, as ΔGsolv has the same value for any choice of reference state so long as the reactants and products have the *same* reference state (if you are not convinced, stare at eqs 2, 3, and 4 in the context of eq 5 until you believe me :) ). This means you can arbitrarily say what reference state ΔGsolv is at, say 1 bar, for both reactants and products. Then, if you want to calculate ΔG°solv (the *experimental* standard state value), you just need to use eq 4: (7) ΔGsolv = Gsoln - G°gas (we choice a reference state of 1 bar) (8) Gsoln = G°soln + kB T ln[(1 bar / (kB T))/1 M] (ideal gas law) (9) ΔG°solv = G°soln - G°gas = ΔGsolv - kB T ln[(1 bar / (kB T))/1 M] Note that you would have gotten the *exact same result* if you had arbitrarily chosen a reference state of 1 M instead for ΔGsolv (if you don't believe me, try it yourself -- start with ΔGsolv = G°soln - Ggas). --- Now, as to your point about the entropy of solution phase species -- I'm not sure the paper you are linking is making the claim you are saying it does. It is an *unarguable fact* that (at the typical choice of standard states) a species in solution has less entropy than the same species in the gas phase. This *must* be the case because the molecules in an ideal gas are non-interacting, uncorrelated, and undergoing ballistic motion, whereas in solution molecules are *caged* by the solvent and undergoing diffusive motion, which means they have significantly less freedom of motion. The paper you link talks about *vibrational* motion, which is going to be *significantly* less perturbed by the presence of solvent. The *vast* majority of entropy for gas-phase species comes from translational motion, not vibrational motion. --- Finally, I'm not sure SMD is well-suited to give a *breakdown* of enthalpic and entropic terms to the free energy of solvation. The procedure you discuss will get *some* of that breakdown, but ultimately several contributions to ΔGsolv are all entangled with one another.  What I mean by that is if you simply perform two *single point* calculations on the same species, one with and one without SMD correction, the difference in the potential energies between those two calculations will include a mixture of enthalpic and entropic effects.  Doing the full thermodynamic calculations (i.e. doing a frequency calculation and reading the thermodynamic data printed in the Gaussian output file) will give you a *full* estimate for ΔGsolv. But, in both calculations (with and without SMD) the calculated enthalpic and entropic contributions are arising from the same set of approximations -- harmonic oscillator for vibration, rigid rotor for rotation, and *ideal gas* for translation. This works because the *potential energy* difference between the systems is parameterized such that the free energy difference calculated by Gaussian is a good approximatino of the total free energy of solvation. Since the enthalpy and entropy calculated by Gaussian for both calculations are using the same approximations, they will have very similar (but not identical!) values. All of those complicated factors such as the loss of translational entropy due to solvation are baked into the *electronic energy* that is calculated by the SMD method. The most *robust* way of separating enthalpic and entropic contributions would be to calculate the full value of the free energy at a variety of different temperatures, then numerically evaluating dG/dT to find the entropy. However, SMD as implemented in Gaussian is not temperature-dependent, so you cannot actually do this. There are other continuum solvation models developed by Cramer and Truhlar which do have temperature-dependence, which would allow you to do this, but as far as I can tell they are not included in Gaussian. --- I hope this answers all of the questions that you had. Please let me know if anything I said was unclear or you want additional assistance. Eric Hermes On Thu, 2017-04-06 at 06:24 +0000, MIELCZAREK Detlev Conrad detlev- conrad.mielczarek-.-ifpen.fr wrote: > Sent to CCL by: MIELCZAREK Detlev Conrad [detlev- > conrad.mielczarek]^[ifpen.fr] > Dear CCL, a question on thermodynamic data & solvation from me, maybe > you can help me. > > So, the basic problem for me is, that I am calculating/want to > calculate thermodynamic data (Hf, S - hence also dG) in solvation, > using implicit solvation models, SMD with a COSMO cavity to be > specific. For my application, these should be accurate enough. (So no > molecular dynamics simulations etc.) > > Solvation models are normally parametrised for dGsolv - so this value > can be extracted from the quantum chemistry calculation as the > difference in the calculated Gibbs Free Enthalpy. > Hf can calculated easily in the gas phase, and a re-optimisation of > the structure with solvation should capture the majority of the > impact of solvation on the enthalpy. (Which is dominated by molecular > structure.) > (I guess there is the case of stabilisation and complexes, such as > are reported for water. However this is currently beyond the scope of > my work.) > > The topic of solvation has been discussed previously on the CCL here: > http://www.ccl.net/chemistry/resources/messages/2011/12/01.001-dir/ > http://www.ccl.net/chemistry/resources/messages/2011/10/06.005-dir/ > http://www.ccl.net/chemistry/resources/messages/2014/05/01.004-dir/ > And there is the book "Essentials of Computational Chemistry Theories > and Models" from Professor Cramer with a section on phase change (the > source of my confusion). > > Specifically, the discussion concerning the energy change related to > the state conversion causes me some grief. > > On the one hand, the CCL responses read as if this should be applied > in the case of any phase change, but then others suggest this is > applicable only if the process is a second order reaction and thus > the total number of mols changes? - The latter view seems to agree > with the book... > > So if I have compound A in both the gas and liquid phase (from a > quantum chemistry calculation), do I need to account for the phase > change/change of state or not? Or is it something that can be > included in the parametrisation of the solvation model/the quantum > chemistry code already? > > Just to add more confusion to the topic: I have trialled a commercial > product which gives the Gibbs Enthalpy of Solvation in kcal/mol for > mol/L concentrations and using a very low end/fast functional, it > gives values similar to when a correction term is added... on the > other hand, where available, the calculated values without correction > agree with the published values in the SMD paper: http://pubs.acs.org > /doi/abs/10.1021/jp810292n (Supplementary Data) > > In addition, a regular computational chemistry calculation sees very > little (virtually no) difference in the entropy between the gaseous > and solvated phase. This would agree with the CCL-linked paper here h > ttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp205508z . But this would clash > with the common expectation that entropy in the liquid phase is > reduced... > > Hence, I would highly appreciate if someone knowledgeable in the > field of solvation could guide me onto the correct track. > > Detlev Conrad Mielczarek > Scientific Visitor/Post Doctorant > IFP Energies nouvelles > France > > www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr > > __________________________ > Avant d'imprimer, pensez à l'environnement ! Please consider the > environment before printing !  > Ce message et toutes ses pièces jointes sont confidentiels et établis > à l'intention exclusive de ses destinataires. Toute utilisation non > conforme à sa destination, toute diffusion ou toute publication, > totale ou partielle, est interdite, sauf autorisation expresse. IFP > Energies nouvelles décline toute responsabilité au titre de ce > message. This message and any attachments are confidential and > intended solely for the addressees. Any unauthorised use or > dissemination is prohibited. 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